G1149 항해사 대상 VTS 교육 (요약·한영 대역)

IALA GUIDELINE G1149
VTS TRAINING FOR DECK OFFICERS

Edition 1.1, January 2022
urn:mrn:iala:pub:g1149:ed1.1

Revisions to this document are to be noted in the table prior to the issue of a revised document.

1. Introduction
  1.1 Background · 1.2 Application
2. Aims and objectives
3. Overview of VTS
  3.1 Terms used in VTS
  3.2 Where to find information about a VTS
  3.3 Participation in VTS
  3.4 Purpose, objectives, roles and functions of VTS
  3.5 Benefits of VTS for the bridge team
  3.6 VTS and Ship Reporting Systems
  3.7 Provision of VTS
  3.8 VTS procedures
4. Allied and other services
5. Communication between the deck officer and the VTS centre
6. Training activities
7. Definitions
8. Abbreviations
9. References

List of Tables
Table 1 Examples of practical training elements
Table 2 Examples of VTS factors that can be considered in ECDIS practical training
Table 3 VTS factors that may be considered when a ship is in a VTS area
Table 4 Examples of incidents and emergencies

An effective vessel traffic service improves the safety and efficiency of navigation, the safety of life at sea and the protection of the marine environment from possible adverse effects of maritime traffic.

SOLAS regulation V/12 provides the basis for vessel traffic services (VTS) and is supported by IMO resolutions, guidelines and circulars. The importance of VTS is furthermore referenced in the Manila Amendments to the STCW 1978 Convention.

An efficient VTS relies upon the co-operation between the bridge team and the VTS operator (VTSO). The effectiveness of information exchange depends upon each party's understanding of their respective functions and responsibilities. Increased knowledge and understanding of a VTS by the bridge team will enhance teamwork between VTS and ships and improve safe navigation.

It is recognized that not all deck officers have the same knowledge level of VTS. A higher level of knowledge of VTS will enable better use of their services, resulting in enhanced situational awareness.

This Guideline contains recommendations that complement the standard of competence provided in the STCW Code for the deck department in order to enhance their understanding of VTS. It could also be used by other relevant stakeholders, such as flag states, harbour and port organizations, pilot organizations and shipping companies.

This Guideline presents guidance and information to be used by maritime training organizations in the development of training on VTS as an integral part of the training of deck officers. This document also provides examples of activities that could be used to facilitate effective communications and the exchange of information between the bridge team and the VTSO.

• Vessel traffic service (VTS) - a service implemented by a competent authority, designed to improve the safety and efficiency of vessel traffic and to protect the environment. The service should have the capability to interact with the traffic and to respond to traffic situations developing in the VTS area.
• Competent authority - the authority made responsible, in whole or in part, by the Government for safety, including environmental safety, and efficiency of vessel traffic and the protection of the environment.
• VTS authority - the authority with responsibility for the management, operation and co-ordination of the VTS, interaction with participating ships and the safe and effective provision of the service.

• VTS area - the delineated, formally declared service area of the VTS. A VTS area may be subdivided in sub-areas or sectors.
• VTS operator - an appropriately qualified person performing one or more tasks contributing to the services of the VTS.
• VTS centre - the centre from which the VTS is operated. Each sub-area of the VTS may have its own sub-centre.
• Allied services - services actively involved in the safe and efficient passage of the vessel through the VTS area.

The services offered by a VTS to the mariner are promulgated to ships in nautical charts and publications. This includes details of the VTS, its capabilities, rules, regulations, requirements, radio frequencies and procedures.

It is recommended that deck officers should obtain the official "VTS Users Guide" from appropriate nautical publications or websites. Further information may be also obtained from IALA Guideline G1144 Promulgating the requirements of a VTS to mariners – a VTS users guide template.

As identified in SOLAS regulation V/12, participation in a VTS may be mandatory within the territorial seas. A VTS may be applicable to all ships or there may be exemptions to certain types and sizes of ships. It should be noted that ships that are not required to participate in a VTS may still choose to do so. A VTS may also be implemented beyond the territorial seas.

VTS is recognized internationally as a navigational safety measure through SOLAS regulation V/12. VTS is implemented under a national legal framework adhering to international standards and recommendations.

The purpose of vessel traffic services is to contribute to safety of life at sea, safety and efficiency of navigation and the protection of the marine environment within the VTS area by mitigating the development of unsafe situations. VTS may also have a role to play in security.

The main benefits of a VTS for the deck officer include:

• Aiding in the safe and efficient use of navigable waterways.
• Affording unhindered access to pursue commercial activities, subject to any restrictions that may exist.
• Contributing to keeping the seas and adjacent environment free from pollution.

There may be additional operational objectives specific to that VTS, which take account of the volume of traffic, degree of risk, geographic and environmental conditions within the VTS area.

By monitoring the movements of ships within the VTS area, the VTSO is able to interact with ships in accordance with established regulations and procedures.

VTS functions can be subdivided into internal and external functions. Internal functions are the preparatory activities that have to be performed to enable a VTS to operate. These include data collection, data evaluation and decision-making. External functions are activities executed with the purpose of influencing traffic. They relate to the primary traffic management functions of rule-making, allocation of space, control of ships and ship manoeuvres to avoid collisions, as well as to other management functions such as enforcement, remedial and ancillary activities.

Amongst the most important functions that a VTS may carry out are those related to, contributing to and thereby enhancing and supporting:

• Safety of life at sea
• Safety of navigation
• Efficiency of vessel traffic movement
• Protection of the marine environment
• Maritime security
• Search and rescue
• Law enforcement
• Protection of adjacent communities and infrastructure

A VTS has real-time knowledge and provides the following benefits for the bridge team:

• Information about coastal, port and inland waterways and infrastructures and its key and vulnerable locations, thereby improving maritime traffic efficiency.
• Information about ship activities, including ship position and intention, etc., thereby improving the situational awareness between ships.
• Navigational assistance in difficult navigation conditions to ensure the safety of ships.
• Knowledge of conventional port operations, including ship voyage and passage planning and port interface activities, thereby reducing the pressure in voyage and passage planning and help deck officers fully understand the navigation environment in complex traffic situations.
• Information concerning the coordination of medical assistance in emergency situations.

Ship Reporting Systems (SRS) and reporting requirements are used to provide, gather or exchange information through radio reports or other electronic means. The information is used to provide data for many purposes including search and rescue, vessel traffic services, weather forecasting and prevention of marine pollution.

Ship routeing measures and SRS are passive where ships provide information through predetermined reporting requirements.

VTS is proactive, continuously monitoring ship traffic and providing relevant information. The deck officer should be aware that:

• VTS, Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) and SRS can be used independently or in combination.
• SRS often provides data for VTS traffic images.
• Both VTS and SRS may be mandatory or voluntary.

The provision of timely and relevant information on factors influencing the ship's movements and assist on-board decision making may include:

• Position, identity, intention and movements of ships
• Maritime Safety Information
• Limitations of ships in the VTS area that may impose restrictions on the navigation of other ships (e.g., manoeuvrability), or any other potential hindrances.
• Other information such as reporting formalities and International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) code details.
• Support to, and cooperation with, allied services.

This information may be provided:

• At fixed times (i.e. broadcast) or time-intervals.
• On demand (when requested by ships)
• When deemed necessary by the VTS

The monitoring and management of traffic to ensure the safety and efficiency of ship movements may include:

• Forward planning of ship movements
• Organizing ships underway
• Organizing space allocation
• Establishing a system of traffic clearances
• Establishing a system of voyage or passage plans
• Providing route advice
• Ensuring compliance with and enforcement of regulatory provisions for which they are empowered

Developing unsafe situations may include:

• A ship unsure of its route or position.
• A ship deviating from the route.
• A ship requiring guidance to an anchoring position.
• A ship that has defects or deficiencies, such as navigation or manoeuvring equipment failure.
• Severe meteorological conditions (e.g., low visibility, strong winds).
• A ship at risk of grounding or collision.

A VTS may also assist in emergency response or support to emergency services.

A VTS operates in accordance with the requirements set by the competent authority. VTS procedures are integral to the safety management system ensuring the services are delivered accurately, efficiently and effectively. This includes both internal and external procedures. More information can be found in IALA Guideline G1141 Operational Procedures for Vessel Traffic Services.

A VTS actively interacts with allied and other services which are also involved in the safe and efficient passage of the ship through a VTS area.

Allied services include pilotage, tugs, line handlers, port authorities, search and rescue and customs authorities.

Other services refer to services other than the allied services, which may use VTS data to more effectively undertake their work (e.g., ensuring local security or preventing illegal imports within a port). More information can be found in IALA Guideline G1102 VTS Interaction with Allied or Other Services.

Different communication tools may be used, including VHF radio. VHF voice communications are generally performed on the channel specified by the VTS centre. Other tools include AIS safety related messages, DSC, email and radiotelephony on MF/HF.

It is important that all communications can be readily understood. Therefore, voice communication should be in English, using standard phraseology. However, in some situations, voice communication may be carried out in the national language of the bridge team and the VTSO. VTS should play an active role in ensuring that the content of all communication is understood by all participants.

To ensure consistent and effective communication, it is important that:

• VTS VHF working channel is monitored when in the VTS area; and
• communication should be concise and unambiguous.

It should be noted that information provided by the VTS centre does not affect the statutory responsibilities and duties of deck officers.

To ensure the communication efficiency, deck officers should make use of SMCP, including the use of message markers, and IALA Guideline G1132 VHF Voice Communication. Several tools are provided in the Guideline to improve the effectiveness of communication.

Communication should:

• Clearly indicate the identity of the ship and the VTS centre.
• Use the assigned frequencies/channels of the VTS.
• Use the correct reporting procedures of the VTS.
• Take into account the limitations within radio telecommunication, both when receiving and transmitting communication with a VTS.

VTS should be included in the mandatory national training programmes for deck officers developed in accordance with the provisions of the STCW Code and be reflected in examination and assessment. VTS should also be included in other types of training such as bridge resource management, voyage planning, and voice communication.

Theory training on VTS should include the following:

• Introduction of VTS, including functions, responsibilities, and procedures of VTS.
• Requirements for transiting through the VTS area.
• Benefits of VTS for the bridge team.
• Communication methods and standard phraseology between the bridge team and VTS.
• Where to find information on VTS.

Ships navigating in an area where VTS is provided should make use of these services. The introduction of VTS in practical training is helpful for deck officers to be familiar with the operation of ships in the VTS area. Examples of elements for training are provided in table 1.

Effective VTS VHF communication directly contributes to navigational safety and efficiency. VHF communication training improves coordination and understanding between ships and the VTS centre. This training may also be carried out as simulation.

The use of ECDIS assists in the identification of VTS coverage, and location of the VTS reporting line/point. Training on ECDIS should include reference to the use of ECDIS in a VTS area. Examples of elements for training are provided in table 2.

There are a number of factors that should be taken into account by the bridge team when a ship is in a VTS area. Examples of elements for training are provided in Table 3.

A VTS supports safety of navigation and protects the environment through active monitoring and interaction with ships. VTS can assist with the coordination of response during incidents and emergencies, while ensuring the safety of the waterway. Incidents or emergencies may include search and rescue/man overboard, engine failure, steering gear failure, collision or grounding, encountering adverse weather that may affect safe voyage.

Examples of elements for training are provided in table 4.

Familiarization activities may include visiting a VTS centre or arranging for a presentation from a representative of a VTS. The objective of the familiarization is to explain the purpose of VTS to the deck officer, thereby enhancing VTS awareness.

To achieve the objective, familiarization activities should be structured, and may use a workbook or other process. The familiarization activity may include:

• Equipment used
• Procedures followed
• Legal and regulatory requirements of the VTS
• How the VTS monitors and interacts with traffic in the VTS area
• Joint case study reviews
• How the deck officer can work most effectively with the VTS

The involvement of allied services, including pilots, in the work of the VTS will promote the safety of navigation in the VTS area. Therefore, the above familiarization activities may also be of benefit for the providers of such allied services.

The definitions of terms used in this Guideline can be found in the International Dictionary of Marine Aids to Navigation (IALA Dictionary) at http://www.iala-aism.org/wiki/dictionary and were checked as correct at the time of going to print. Where conflict arises, the IALA Dictionary should be considered as the authoritative source of definitions used in IALA documents.

1. IMO. SOLAS International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea Chapter V, Regulation 12 Vessel Traffic Services
2. IMO. STCW International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1978, as amended
3. IMO. International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue
4. ITU. Radio Regulations, volume five, Recommendation ITU.R.M.1171.0 and subsequent chapters
5. IMO. Resolution A.1158(32) Guidelines for Vessel Traffic Services
6. IMO. Resolution A.918(22) IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP)
7. IALA. Recommendation R0120 Vessel Traffic Services in Inland Waters (V-120)
8. IALA. Recommendation R0127 Operational Procedures for Vessel Traffic Services
9. IALA. Guideline G1071 Establishment of a Vessel Traffic Service beyond Territorial Seas
10. IALA. Guideline G1089 Provision of VTS Services
11. IALA. Guideline G1102 VTS Interaction with Allied or other services
12. IALA. Guideline G1131 Setting and measuring VTS objectives
13. IALA. Guideline G1132 VTS VHF Voice Communication
14. IALA. VTS Manual
15. IALA. Guideline G1144 Promulgating the Requirements of a VTS to Mariners – A VTS Users Guide Template
16. Admiralty List of Radio Signals (ALRS)